Superposition and cross cutting are both things that the Grand Canyon experience. The tectonic plates move, causing it to split. That's why it is the way it is today. 
     Superposition is the deposition of one geological rock on another. Cross cutting is when the rock splits, just like when humans cut rock to make, for example, jewelry or sculptures. Take limestone for example. I watched an episode of "Dirty Jobs" when they were working in a limestone mine to cut slabs of rock for things like counter-tops. 

     Quizlet is a website where you input the vocabulary words and their definitions, then play games to help you learn them. We use Quizlet for every section in science. 
     I think Quizlet is a helpful website to use as long as you actually use it to study. The vocabulary words are so hard to learn to spell, but there's one game called "Speller" that will say the word to you, (the definition is given to the right) and if you get it wrong, they'll spell it, then have you try again. Then, there's a Beat-The-Clock kind of game. I don't like competition, so I stick with the spelling game.
     I do use Quizlet to study. I'll try a little every now and then, then I'll spend about 2 hours on there the night before the test to really get those words sunken in. I don't know of any other sites like Quizlet that could help you the way Quizlet does. Quizlet is a really great site to use when studying. I even created a set for my 9-year-old sister who has a lot of trouble spelling. Although it'll take her longer to get them, all due to her attention span of a mouse, I have faith in her that she will.

     There were several contributions to Darwin's understanding of evolution and natural selection. 

     Peppered moths started out as white moths with black spots, making it resemble pepper. Over time, they turned black with white spots. Why did this happen?
     The air in England near the forests where the moths lived was polluted. Pollution is pretty much dirty air, so the dirty air colored the wings of the moth, causing it to turn dark. If a black moth is on a light colored tree, the chances of survival are low, but if it is on a dark tree, they have a greater chance of survival, and vise versa. 
     In the future, I predict that the wings of the moth may start to yellow a bit. I think this because there maybe a higher pollen count, and pollen is a yellowish color. Just like the pollution darkened the wings of the moth, pollen may lighten the color of the wings of a light moth, so it will turn yellow. 
     

     Let's say that there is a snake in a grassland. This snake eats mice, but since there is a shortage, how will the snake adapt?
     The snake can adapt to eating things other than mice. Maybe a gopher or another small creature in the rodent family. If there is a shortage in it for all the snakes throughout the grassland, the rodent population will decrease. The snakes may have to move if this happens.
     What if there is a shortage of deer? What will the large cats (loins, tigers, cheetahs, etc.) eat? They will be forced to eat something else. They do eat zebras, but maybe they prefer deer. Oh well, they have to eat other things. As a chain reaction, if there isn't enough food for the large cats, there won't be any carcasses for the carnivorous birds. The entire food chain will suffer. The chain would be something like this:
Plants > Deer > Lion > Vulture. 
     Of course there are others included. The animals, whether it be in grasslands, forests, rain-forests, will at one point go through a shortage. They must adapt to the changes in food availability. Sometimes there won't be any way to adapt, so they'll have to move. The place they move to has to be considered. For example, a toucan can't move to a desert. A toucan will still need to be in a forest will some access to water. There is always a possibility this will happen.
     Some animals even evolved over time. A bird may have a long beak to reach bugs, then there's a shortage, than they adapt by evolving beak type to something else, like the kind a parrot has for cracking nuts. 

     A few weeks ago in science class, we made a paper pet family to show the crosses of genetics from both parents. We flipped coins to show what parent had what traits. We did the same for all six babies. All babies turned out blue, even when the dad was yellow. He must have been the recessive parent. The yellow gene was lost. 
     It helped to show how my genetics I inherited from my parents. I have my dad's light hair and eyes, but I have my mom's facial shape and thick hair. We both fave free ear lobes (kind of random, but it's true, that is, in fact, a gene). I got my height from my dad. He's six feet tall, and I'm 5'4 1/2" I already passed my mom, who is only 5'4" (only by a small amount, but it shows). My brother, however, has dark hair and eyes like my mom. 

    Punnett squares represent the mixing of genes from two parents to their offspring. A Punnett square looks like a square cut down the center vertically and horizontally. 
    I made a punnet square, also. For example, Lets call the upper left box 1, upper right box 2, lower left box 3 and lower right box 4. Above box number one, there is one gene of a parent. Each parent has a pair of two genes. Dominant genes look like this: TT or Tt. A recessive parent has only tt. So, lets say above box 1 is T and the above box 2 is a t. This parent is heterozygous dominant. To the left of the upper 1 is a t. Below that is another t. This parent is homozygous recessive. The box will show that box 1 is Tt, box 2 is tt, box 3 is Tt, and box 4 is tt. 

    One thing I struggled most was memorizing the order of Mitosis. I kept practicing and practicing, but I just couldn't remember the order! I had my dad help me, and we tried some solutions, but I didn't think they would work. On my own, I took the first letter of each stage and created a word, and that word was 'PMAT', for prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. There wasn't many questions on the test about order, but it helped to know the order for future reference. 
    The second thing was the vocabulary. The words were so confusing. I caught on to the spelling using a site called 'Quizlet'. It's a special website where you can create your own list of spelling words and then practice spelling them. My choice of learning them is using the 'Speller' option. It reads the word, gives the definition next to it, but it doesn't show the exact word. You have to type the word. If you get it wrong, it will show you your mistake and let you try again. I always continue working on the list so many times until I get 100% accuracy. It makes me happy to know that I tried so hard to learn my vocabulary, even when it gets very advanced. 

    Nowadays, less and less people believe in Santa Claus. Some have good reasons. I have proof that he isn't real. For example, about two years ago on the day after Christmas, I found the same wrapping paper that my gift from "Santa" was wrapped in under my mom's bed. She made up some smart excuse, which I believed for a while. Last year, I woke up before my mom and the stockings were empty. I told my mom and she told me to hold on and keep my brother and sisters out of the living room while she filled them. When we were allowed in the living room, they were full. Great cover-up mom.
    Besides, we also have basic logic on our side. Can reindeer fly? Could someone get out of a sleigh, go down the chimney, distribute presents, eat whatever snacks, get back up the chimney, get in the sleigh and take off in 1/1000 if a second? Can someone live forever? I THINK NOT!
    It's good to have something to bribe little ones into being good all year to get something they really wanted from some guy they don't even know. They never fully think through the whole thing. Right when they hear presents, they couldn't care less where it comes from. I know he isn't real, but I play along. I ask for big expensive things from Santa because I know "he" can't say no like my parents can.
    Even is Santa did exist at one time, he's dead now. 

    The DNA replicates in the first stage of mitosis, interphase. The DNA splits down the center, forming two exact copies of the original DNA structure. Now, the original DNA is gone, and it has turned into two "daughter" strands. Pretty soon, these strands will duplicate forming four new DNA strands. Then those duplicate and the process will repeat again and again.
    When the DNA splits, it basically tears down the middle and makes new bases that form the double helix once again. Of course when it splits, thymine will connect with adenine and cytosine will connect with guanine. 
    After the split is when the cells can duplicate. Every cell must have DNA. Without DNA (DNA has instructions on how to create a new cell of that sort), the cell wouldn't function correctly. This is called a mutation. Cancer cells are mutated cells that don't know when to stop growing; in other words, they have uncontrolled growth.